ON THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY REFORMATION AND THE POSITION IN SOUTH AFRICA

Today more research on the Reformation in general and the great reformers in particular is being done than is generally known. The reappraisal of the 16th century has in the past de­ cades brought about important results in Reformation research. This article will not go into these results — a whole series of ar­ ticles would be necessary. It will merely illuminate the following facts: where, by whom and about what the relevant research is being done. Even this cannot be done exhaustively. Attention is focussed on the work done at universities and institutes only. It would be an impossible task to mention the contribution of every indivi­ dual researcher in this field. As an introduction I would like to say something about the world-wide links in this field of study, as, for example, by means of international associations, congresses and colloquia.

mation, and also new publications about^) this event.(Member ship^) of this association has, amongst others, the advantage that members can obtain a whole series of publications at a large dis count -up to 30 percent.)I'he Association also arranges scienti fic symposiums on the history of the Reformation.
Together with the "American Society for Reformation Re search" the "Verein" has since 1972 also published an interna tional magazine Archiv fiir Reformationsgeschichte/Archive for Reformation History, which contains, apart from articles, regular literature reviews^).

International congresses, conferences and colloquia * Luther congresses
Up to now five international Luther research congresses have been held.The last congress was held from 14-20 August, 1977, in Lund, Sweden^).
Lutherjahrbuch, the official journal for international Luther research, has appeared since 1919®).Volume 44, 1977, contains instructive articles on Luther research throughout the world (inter alia in the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, the Ro manic countries, the Anglo-Saxon world and even in Japan.) 2. Amongst others books on Luther, Bucer etc.. 3. Membership is DM 25 per annum and must be posted to Verein fiir Reformationsge schichte, Dr. Heinz Scheible, Heiliggeiststrasse 15, 6900 Heidelberg, West Germany.4. Subscription fee is DM 90 per annum payable to the above address.5. Particulars are published in the Circular, nr.6, July 1977 of the Clearing House of the International Conference of Institutions for Christian Scholarship.
The lectures of the fourth congress for Luther research by H.A. Oberman (editor) have been published under the title Luther and the dawn o f the modern era (Leiden, Brill, 1974).6. Published by Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, P.O.Box 77, 3400 Gottingen.
Anabaptist movement" from 20-22 February, 1975^).The par ticipants decided to establish a centre in Strasbourg to coordi nate the research on this "unofficial" or "non-conformist" Christianity during the 16th century ^ 0 .

* Colloquium on the exegetic methods o f the 16th century
The "Institut d'Histoire de la Reformation" (c/o Bibliothêque Publique et Universitaire, Geneve) arranged an international colloquium on the exegesis of the 16th century from 28 Septem ber to 2 October, 1976^2).
There may have been more similar international contacts con cerning Reformation research.These few examples are, however, sufficient to illustrate the renewed world-wide interest in different facets of this fascinating epoch in Western history^).

Research on the Reformation in Europe
During a recent visit to Europe I was able to find research units on the Reformation only in Wurzburg, Tubingen, Stras bourg, Geneva, Zurich and Heidelberg.There is a degree of spe cialization, but not to such an extent that each centre has con fined its research to one single reformer.The following is a brief survey of the most important research being done in the different places.In addition he compiled a complete catalogue of the books in the Academy of Geneva which was founded by Calvin.It has been published under the title La Bibliothique de I' Academie de Calvin.Le catalogue de 1572 et ses enseignements (Geneva, Librarie Droz, 1969).16.Address: Forschungsprogramm "Calvin-Forschung", Institut fiir Systemadsche Theologie, Lehrstuhl fiir Dogmatik, Universitat Wurzburg, Sandering, 2, 87 Wiirzbuig, Germany.Ganoczy also discovered Calvin's marginal notes on Seneca's De Clementia as well as his notes on Chrysostomos' sermons and is preparing them for publication.

Tubingen
The "Institut fiir Spátmittelalter und Reformation" ^) Js con nected to the Eberhard-Karls-Universitát which commemorated its 500th year of existence in 1977.
This About 80 percent of the work has already been completed, but about another 20 years will be necessary to complete the project and to publish the results.(As yet it is only available on cards.) Anyone who wishes to work on Luther would be foolish not to make use of the results already available.(Textual references on certain subjects are supplied by the institute on request.)Should a Calvin subject index ever be attempted much can be learnt from this Luther project.Independent of and yet linked to this institute is the "Sonderforschungsbereich Spátmittelalter und Reformation", with Pro fessors Oberman, Zeeden and Engel as staff members.They are mainly occupied with the publication of different 16th century documents (e.g. by Gregori of Rimini, J. von Paltz and J. von Staupitz) as well as important, but often unknown pamphlets from this period^).

Strasbourg
In this city there is no special institute for the study of the Re formation.In the past^O), however, there have been and at pre sent are eminent researchers attached to the Protestant Faculty of the University of Strasbourg^!).
One of the best-known Calvin specialists was Francois Wen-del^2) who died a few years ago.At present significant figures 19.The members of the research group "Sonderforschungsbereich Spátmittelalter und Reformation" are the editors of a microfiche series with the title "Sixteenth century pamphlets in German and Latin (1501-1530)".This project consists of two parts.Firstly the Flugschriftenbibliographie which will refer to approximately 5 000 editions of pamphlets and consists of about 10 volumes.Secondly, as a complementary publica tion, the complete texts of all the pamphlets will be made available on microfiche.The bibliography will take about ten years to publish, but the publication of the microfiche series already started in 1978.The annual instalments will be about 300-500 pamphlets and will be accompanied by printed indices of authors, printers, places and year of pu blication.Although the bibliography and microfiche series can be used separately, they complement each other.
Other recent important studies are J.Raitt on Beza's doctrine

* Calvin study
The "Institut d'Histoire de la Réformation" in the city of Cal vin offers excellent opportunities for anyone who wants to do indepth research on Calvin.At present (as far as I could determine) there are, however, only two persons at the institute busy with study on Calvin.They are J.Paluka-Rubinga who is working on Calvin's Isaiah commentary and B. Girardin who is busy with Cal vin's Romans commentary^*1).

Zurich
Here I visited the "Institut fur Schweizerische Reformationsg e s c h i c h t e " 3 9 ) .Until recently this institute was mainly concern-

Heidelberg
The  Zurich, Theologischer Verlag, 1975.In his "Introduction" to the "H.Bullinger and Ziiricher Reformation" microfiche project (see footnote 66) F. Biisser again stresses the importance of Bullinger (1504-1574) over and against the mistaken concept that the Reformation has been brought about mainly by Luther and Calvin and perhaps Zwingli as well.The assertion that Bullinger has thus far always been overshadowed by Calvin (1509Calvin ( -1564) ) in research in Reformed Protestantism is biased, if not wrong.The reformed churches had two main centres and two spiritual leaders: Zurich with Bullinger and Geneva with Calvin.In the first place it was Bullinger who saved the reformation in Zurich after Zwingli was killed at Kappel in 1531.And in the second place, before, during and after Calvin, Bullinger can be seen at least as an equal to the Geneva Reformer as far as his influence and im portance are concerned.His influence and impact are seen in his roughly 100 publica tions in Latin and German, the most important of which were reprinted many times and translated into other languages before his death.But this is seen even more clearly in the innumerable still unpublished manuscripts and his unusually large correspon dence comprising roughly 12 000 letters.For several decades Bullinger's house funct ioned as a kind of agency where the latest information from all over Europe was col lected, analysed and passed on.For many who needed advice and council (including Calvin) he was a wise "oracle" and an energetic helper.
It is clear that this reformer does not deserve the little or no attention researchers have paid to his theological and ecclesiastical activities, and his shadow existence beside Calvin and others.The reformation of the sixteenth century was the work of more than one or two men!

Research on the Reformation outside Europe
There are a number ol individuals in Germany, France, the Netherlands^) and even behind the Iron Curtain (such as I'rol.M. Bucsay46) and others in Hungary, Plath and Molnar in Czechoslavakia, Z. Galffy and S. Júhasz in Romania and a number of 45.The library of the Free University in Amsterdam for example contains a fine col lection of documents from the period of the Reformation (Luther, Calvin, Beza, Zwingli, Bullinger, English reformers etc.).Most of these documents belong to the "Mr H. Bos Bibliotheek".Dr W. Heijting provides the following information: "Apart from a large number of manuscripts, Dutch historical pamphlets and modern works, the //.Bos Collection o f the Free University at Amsterdam comprises about 11 000 early books (printed before 1901).
"Details about the collector and his library are to be found in: J .Stellingwerff, De Mr II.Bos-Bibliotheek van de Vrije Universiteit (Amsterdam, Buijten & Schippcrhcijn, 1971).
"The lists of the scries 'Aanwinsten uit de Mr H. Bos-Bibliotheek' (Acquisitions from the H. Bos Collection) serve the purpose of presenting the most interesting early books from this collection, occasionally supplemented by some acquisitions from other collections.After completion of the series an index-volume will be published.
"Separate lists can be ordered by a remittance of D.fl. 5 into giro account 2908198 of 'Stichting Vrienden V.U.Bibliotheek' Amsterdam.Research libraries and members of the 'Stichting Vrienden V.U.Bibliotheek' (Foundation 'Friends of the F.U. Libra ry') will receive a free copy of the lists".
Further information can be obtained from: Willem Heijting, Free University Libra ry, Rare Book Department, P.O.Box 7161, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

The U.S.A. and Canada
From the many theses (mainly in Xerox 'form) on Calvin and 47.The addresses of persons from behind the iron curtain who attended the Second In ternational Calvin CongTess in Amsterdam (Sept. 1978)  Calvinism it can be deduced that among individuals in the USA there is a considerable interest in research on the Protestant Re formation.I have as yet not been able to gather detailed infor mation from the "American Society for Reformation Re search"^) .
Particular attention is given to the Reformation at the fol lowing three centres:

The Dr H.H. Meeter Calvinism Research Collection at
Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Michigan.This Calviniana collect ion has under the leadership of Dr Peter de Klerk (librarian of Calvin Seminary) been built out into one of the most compre-51.Director: FJ).Hoeniger, E J. Pratt Library, Victoria University, 71 Queenspark Crescent East, Toronto M5S 1K7, Ontario, Canada.

hensive collections in the world*^).
A colloquium on "Calvin and Calvin Studies" was held at Cal vin College, Grand Rapids, in April, 1976^^).A second meeting of the same nature with the theme "Calvin and the reformed view of Christian life in a European perspective" is planned for 16 and 17 November, 1978^4).l)r Ford Lewis Battles, formerly of the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, recently joined the Calvin College Staff.This eminent Calvin s p e c i a l i s t ^) will, with his enthusiasm, make sure that the Calviniana collection is fully benefitted from.Could a few full time researchers be appointed here, Calvin research in America would be stimulated immensely.His An Analysis o f the Institutes o f the Christian Religion o f John Calvin (1970 and revised in 1976) is a valuable work in that it makes Calvin's Opus magnum easier to un derstand.His introductions to the various translations are also of great value.For Cal vin research see his paper "The Future of Calviniana" In: Renaissance, Reformation, Resurgence (1976, ed.P. de Klerk) and his paper for the Second International Calvin Congress (Sept.1978, Amsterdam), titles "Calculus Fidei.Some ruminations on the structure of Calvin's theology" are of particular importance.Battles' most recent pu blication on Calvin is really excellent: The piety o f John Calvin.An anthology ittustrative o f the spirituality o f the reformer.Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, 1978.From various of his writings Calvin himself is speaking.The book's first aim is to A seminary' and two universities at present offer the possibility for post-graduate specialization in the field of Reformation stu dies.

3.2.4
The Westminster Theological Seminary offers a study pro gram for a doctorate in Reformation and Post-Reformation studies.

3.2.5
The University o f Waterloo (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) specializes in the German-Lutheran Reformation and the Univer sity o f Guelph (Guelph, Ontario) in the English and Calvinistic Reformation.At both universities master's and doctor's degrees in Reformation studies can be taken.

Japan
At the Second International Calvin Congress (attended by five Japanese Calvin specialists) details concerning the translation of Calvin's work into Japanese were given.The "Japan Calvin Trans lation Society", established in 1959, has translated the following works of this reformer: Commentary on Romans (13 reprints with a total impression of 7 500 copies) and subsequently (with the exception of Calvin's harmony of the four Gospels) all his Bi ble commentaries (with an impression of 39 000 copies).The Institutes was translated into Japanese 15 years ago (17 reprints know Calvin as he saw his own life.The second is to see the Christian life as he under stood it.The third is to examine both his theoretical exposition of prayer and his own prayers in liturgy and for other occassions. Prof. Battles' translations, however, go further than the documents of Calvin.Be cause he likes to regard the reformation as a dialogue or polilogue between differing points of view (for example, Calvin in conversation with die Roman Catholic church on the one hand and the Anabaptists on the other) and also lectures in this manner.He has therefore translated various other documents, as, for example, the Roman Catholic Johan Eck's Enchiridion contra Lutheranos (most recent edition 1978 at Grand Rapids, Calvin Theological Seminary).He also translated works of the early church, e.g.: The sermons o f Nestorius.(Pittsburgh, 1973) and Pelagius: The Christian life and other essays.(Pittsburgh, 1972).national research on the Reformation is.Has such research at the end oi' the twentieth century, on a period historically 400 years old, any meaning?Can it have any sense to enter the dusty ar chives of the past?Should we not rather shake the dust of the past from our feet?
Should we adopt such an attitude we shall have forgotten that our Calvinistic view of life developed out of the sixteenth century Reformation.A return to the sources need not be suffo cating; it will be highly refreshing.
In many respects our Calvinism differs from what Calvin taught.Calvin was the child of his own time and place, but the influence of his work goes far beyond the 16th century.The more we study this particularly gifted child of God, the more we shall realize that he is our contemporary and that the so-called "contemporary theology" is irrelevant.
There are remarkable correspondences between the sixteenth century and today.Calvin also searched for a real Biblically obe dient Christianity midst all the byways propagated in his time.His time, as ours, was an epoch of intense crisis: the passing of an old era and the painful birth of a new one.At this crossroad in history there were already those who at the time of Calvin wanted to face the future on their own strength.In contrast Cal vin and the other reformers looked upon God and His Word for illumination on the untravelled road ahead.
The caricature of Calvin as the moody, morbid tyrant of Gene va, the father of capitalism, suppressor of personal freedom, enemy of art, music and any form of pleasure, the man of a doc trine of predestination that implies "Herrenvolkisme" etc., still haunts South Africa.Such a carcature is obviously the result of ignorance^^a).
If we do not gather much more original knowledge concerning the Calvinistic view of life, it cannot continue to exist in South Africa, let alone be a dynamic experience.
We should be envious of the research being done abroad.What should we do? 1 wish to stress only a few obvious things.

The cultivation o f interest
At the academic level much more can be done about the study of the Reformation by incorporating it in the existing syllabi.This does not apply to the Faculty o f Theology only.Let students, for example, make contact with the original Cal vin.It need not necessarily be his Institutes.It can be his Bible commentaries or his more or less 50 smaller treatises.Calvin's thought developed out of contacts with different currents of thought.This becomes evident out of these smaller documents aimed at the Roman Catholic Church^ 1), the radical trends (Anabaptists, Spiritualists, Anti-trinitarians, Libertinists^a) etc., other Protestant churches (e.g. the Lutheran), superstitions (e.g.astrology) and also at the reformation and the unity of the church.
It could be fascinating to let students regard the Calvinist re formation as a dialogue, actually a polilogue with the spiritual trends of the 16th century.Then the controversies of this period are no longer an antiquarian hobby for an elite, but are real and relevant because all the tendencies of that time, even if in differ ent forms, are powers which still compete for the spirit and di rection of our day.
As stated in footnote 23, some volumes of the Supplementa Calviniana have appeared.
The following information is available as regards translations into English: * Calvin: (Bible commentaries, sermons and prayers excluded): Calvin' s Commentary on Seneca' s ' De Clementia', introduction, translation and notes by F.L. Battles and A.M. Hugo.Leiden, E J. Brill, 1969 testant South Africa should not be excluded.

The financial aspect
Large sums of money are necessary for the purchase of origin al texts, for bursaries toward further study in South Africa and abroad and to be able to appoint full-time researchers.
However, the money required is not much when compared to the astronomic sums made available to often less important mat ters.We must have our priorities in the right order!It is high time that we should prove that we are still children of the Reformation by, for a change, thinking and acting on a grand scale. ** ; Walzer, M.: The revolution o f the saints.A study in the origin o f radical politics.Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1965; Wenger, J.C.: Die dritte Reformation.Kassel, J.G. Oncken, 1963; Williams, G.H. & Mcrgal, A.M. (editors): Spiritual and Anabaptist Writers.(Library of Chirstian Classics no.25).Philadelphia, The Westminster Press; Williams, G.H.: The radical reformation.Philadelphia, The Westminster Press; Williams, G.H.: The radical reformation.Philadelphia, The West minster Press, 1957; Windhorst, C.: Tauferisches Taufverstandnis.Balthasar Hubmaiers Lehre Zwischen traditioneller und reformatorischer Theologie.
Reformation and the reformers is no longer of interest to Protestant scholars only.Roman Catholics and researchers from other denominations are also taking part^).It has become an ecumenical concern.An example of this state of affairs is the work of Prof. Alexan dre Ganoczyl^) and Dr Helmut Feld in WurzburglG).They are tingen), Neukirchener Verlag (Neukirchen-Vlyn -amongst others a new edition of Cal vin's Bible commentaries as well as the Supplementa Calviniana which consists of Cal vin's unpublished sermons), Walter de Gniyter (Berlin/New York -amongst others the series "Spátmittelalter und Reformation.Texte und Untersuchungen" under the editorship of H A .Oberman of the "Institut fur Spátmittelalter und Reformation" at the University of Tubingen), E J .Brill (Leyden -amongst others the two series "Stu dies in the History of Christian thought" and "Studies in Medieval and Reformation thought" which include a considerable number of works on the Reformation).14. Information about the Roman Catholic research in connection with, for example, Calvin, is offered in the following two works: H. Scholl: Calvtnus Catholicus.Die katholische Calvinforschung im 20 Jahrhundert.(Freiburg/Basel/Wien, Herder 1974) and H. Schiitzeichel: Die Glaubenstehologie Calvins (Miinchen, Max Heuber Verlag, 1972) which on pages 35-41 has a brief summary of the modern Roman Catholic research on Calvin.15. A. Ganoczy has already written two books on Calvin, viz.Calvin.Théologien de {' église et du Ministére (Paris, 1964 -also in German by Herder, Freiburg published in 1968 under the title Ecclesia Ministrans) and Le jeune Calvin.Genese et Evolution de sa vocation réformatrice (Wiesbaden 1966).
both busy with a "Forschungsprojekt" on the Hermeneutics of Calvin.Particular attention is paid to the relationship between Calvin and the Pauline "theology".In this connection research is being done on the Patristic and especially late Mediaeval back-* ground of Calvin's exegetical m ethods^).In this context Dr Feld is preparing for publication a late Me diaeval theologian, Wendelin Steinbach's, commentary on the let ters of St. Paul.The commentary on the letter to the Hebrews appeared in 1971 and Steinbach's commentary on the letter to the Galatians in 1976 ^a).In addition work is also being done on the publication of Cardinal Marino Grimani's commentaries on the Pauline Epistles (1442).
institute started with two men in 1961 and at present has five full-time researchers and twenty student assistants.As the name indicates, the focus is at the moment on the late Middle Ages because a clear image of this period is of great importance to the correct understanding of what happened during the Refor-mation.The intention is to concentrate more directly on the Re formation period at a later stage.At present work is being done in the following areas: * Prof. W. Werbeck is working on the edition of the Sententiae Commentary o f Gabriel Biel.(Books I and IV have already been published and books II and III are being prepared for publica tion.)* Critical apparatus for a (possibly) new edition of the wellknown Weimar Ausgabe of Luther' s Works is being worked on by Dr Hammal.* A subject index to Luther' s work In this respect Drs K.H. zur Muhlen and H. Jurgens together with their co-workers have accomplished an impressive amount of work.Of the four parts of the plus-minus 70 volume Luther Opera, viz.Documents, Class Notes by students, ("Tischreden"), Letters and the Luther Bible (plus the text of translation meet ings), only the first part is being worked on.(This includes Lu ther's published works such as his disputes and sermons.)There is already an index for his "Tischreden".His letters are also impor tant because the development of his theology can be traced in them.(Unfortunately they are being published in Halle behind the Iron Curtain and it is doubtful whether the publication will ever be finished.)Because a concordance of the Luther Bible al ready exists, it is generally accepted that it is unnecessary to compile an index for the fourth section of Luther's works.Dr H. Jurgens has good reason, however, to plead for the necessity of a subject index for this part of Luther's work also.
the compiler (who is unknown) apparently only wrote lo libra ries to inquire what they possessed and did not check and care fully rework the information received.He did not take into ac count thaL library catalogues may contain errors!(The advantage of this work, in comparison to that by Erichson, is that it at least indicates the libraries where the works are available.)Asecond researcher in Strasbourg, Dr J. Rott's (emeritus) spe ciality is M. Bucer, especially his correspondence^),2.4GenevaIt is worthwhile taking note of the research being done at the "Institut d'Histoire de la Reformation" which was established in 196530).Whereas the research at the l.S.M.R. at Tubingen (cf.2.2) is directed more at the late Middle Ages and subsequent possible in fluences on the Reformation (on Luther in particular), i.e. the 13th, 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, the I.H.R. (Geneva) is more interested in what happened during the Reformation itself (e.g. the influence of Bucer on Calvin) as well as in the developments (e.g. at Beza) shortly after the Reformation, i.e. during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.At this institute research is done mainly in the following fields: * The Contra Reformation Prof. P. Fraenkel has only now (after 12 years of study) com pleted a new edition of the work of the Roman Catholic John Eck, viz.Enchiridion Locorum Communium adversus Luteranos (1524).This first Roman Catholic reaction against the Reforma tion, twenty-five years before the Council of Trent, went through 170 different editions (in Latin, German, French, Dutch and Fle mish) up to the 17th century.3 1).* Bucer research In 2.332) mention has already been made of various research-30.Address: Institut d'Histoire de la Reformation, Université de Genêve, c/o Bibliotheque publicque et universitaire, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.31.This work will be published under the title Enchiridion (J.Eck) by Corpus Catholoricum at Munster i.W..There is an English translation available with the title, Johann Eck Enchiridion o f Commonplaces, against Martin Luther and his followers translated by F.L. Battles, Pittsburg, Pa, Duquesne University, 1976.32.Cf.Footnote 29 above.Of importance are also the following two works on Bucer: M. de Kroon Sc F. Kru ger Bucer und seine Zeit, Forschungsbeitráge und Bibliographie.Wiesbaden, Franz Stei ner Verlag, 1976.(Volume 80 in the series "VerSffentlichen des Institute» fiir Euro-ers (such as P. Fraenkel, R.G. H obbs^) and E. Backas) who are busy with Bucer research in Geneva^4).* Beza research Apart from Bucer research the "Musée Historique de la Refor mation" (est.plus-minus 1946) -next door to the "Institut de le Reformation" -does a considerable amount of study of Théo dore Beza.I'he biggest project here is that of Mmes Claire Chimelli and Beatrice Nicollier.They are busy with the publication (under the editorship of A. Dufour) of Beza's correspondence^).
of the Holy Communion^®), T. Maiuyama on Beza's Ecclesiology, J.S. Bray on Beza's doctrine of p r e d e s t i n a t i o n ^) un(j p.C, Holtrop on the basic structure of Beza's theology.* Minutes o f ministers' meetings in Geneva at the time o f Calvin Under the leadership of A. Dufour, two ladies, (Misses Sabine Citroen and Marie Claude Junod) at the "Musée Historique de la Reformation" are working on the edition of the minutes of the ministers' meeting in Geneva at the time of C a l v i n ^) .
ed with the publication of Zwingli's works in the series Corpus Reformatorum.Only the three last volumes still have to be pu blished before the work is complete.A Zwingli bibliography is al ready available.There is also a "Zwingliverein" (Zwingli Association) with a regular magazine Zwingliana Beitrage zur Geschichte Zwinglis, der Reformation und des Protestantismus in der Schweiz ).At present the main task of the I.S.R. is the editing of H. Bullingcr's works.He was Zwingli's successor at Zurich.This edition is being prepared under the editorship of the director of the I.S.R., Prof. Fritz Biisser.He has the help of three fulltime and one half-day research assistants as well as a secretary and a libra rian.The project encompasses the following four series: Bibliographies of monem decades quinque (1550) or the "Hausbuch" as it was called in German'*^).It has already been mentioned that in 1975 this Institute, at the commemoration of Bullinger's death 400 years before, ar ranged an international Bullinger c o n f e r e n c e ^) .
"Melanchton-Forschungsstelle" (Melanchton Research Centre) is at the University of Heidelberg and falls under the di rectorship of Dr Heinz Scheible.At present the most important project is the preparation and publication of Melanchton's corre spondence.The research centre has managed to trace about 9 200 letters written to and by Melanchton between 1514 and 42.For more particulars about Busser's theory cf.his article Bullinger, nicht Calvin.Neue ziiricher Zeitung, 6/7 Nov. 1976.43.Cf. 1.2 above.For Bullinger study in general it is important to take note of the fol lowing two works (which appeared in 1975 during the Bullinger commemoration) by U. Gabler and E. Herkenrath: (Heinrich Bullinger, 1504-1575.Gesammelte Aufsátze zum 400.Todestag.Band I: Beziehungen und Wirkungen.Band II: Leben und Werk. plus-minus 35 volumes) commentaries.One volume of parts I-III will be prepared per year.The first appeared in 1977.After this will follow Parts IV and V in two volumes per year.It will therefore be quite a number of years be fore the complete new edition of Melanchton's correspondence will be available.This project which was launched with the aid of a computer was necessary because the existing collections of Melanchton's letters'^) by Karl Gottlieb Bretschneider (Corpus Reformatorum, parts I-IX, 1834-1842) were incomplete (only 7 000 letters) and not dependable as regards the dating and text.Not much came of the efforts to correct the weaknesses in the Supplemen tal Melanchtoniana.Only one part containing a revision of the letters until 1528 was published in 1926 under the editorship of Otto Clemen.The plan to publish a Melanchton-Studienausgabe in four volumes together with a selection of the praeceptor Germaniae's correspondence could not be fully realized.Only the first two parts under the editorship of Hans Volz were published (1971-1975).As has become apparent from the re-publication of the works 44.For the history of earlier editions of the Melanchton Letters (inter alia shortly after his death) see the "Einleitung" (pages 17-24) in Melanchtons Briefwechsel.Kritische und kommentierte Gesamtausgabe Band I: Regesten 1-1109 (1514-1530) bearbeitet von Heinz Scheible, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Fromann-Holzboog, 1977.(Address of Dr H. Scheible: Heiliggeiststrasse 15, 6900 Heidelberg,' 1, Germany.) of the other reformers, this project too is time-consuming and costly.When the project has been completed, however, vve shall have a fund of information at our disposal -not only about Melancton himself, but also about his time and his contemporaries.
Ungam by Prof. Míhály Bucsay appeared in Stuttgart in 1959.Recently (1977) the first part of a far more comprehensive edition, Der Protestantismus in Ungam: 1521-1978.Ungams Reformationskriche in Geschichte und Gegenwart.Teil I: Im Zeitalter der Reformation, Gegenre formation und katolischen Reform.Wien/Koln/Graz, Verlag Hermann Bolaus.This first part concerns the history until 1715.(It contains a bibliography of 60 pages.)Part II will appear in 1979.At the Second International Calvin Conference Prof. Bucsav gave an interesting lec ture on "Calvins Prásenz in Ungarn".(This lecture is also available with the title "The Presence of Calvin in Hungary during the Reformation Era, 1512-1608".)academics in the "Deutsche Demokratische R e p u b l i k " 4 7 ) who have made their contribution to Reformation research.In this survey, however, we shall confine ourselves to the more or ganized research outside Europe.3.1 England and Scotland It was not possible for me to obtain particulars about any or ganized Reformation research in Great Britain.It is apparent that here too -as in many other countries -it is only individuals who are doing research on the Reformation.I did ascertain, how ever, that researchers in various libraries have a treasurehouse of research material at their disposal.The most important are the Evangelical Library ( L o n d o n ) ^) and the university libraries at Cambridge, London and Oxford.In Scotland the most important libraries containing research material are The National Library, George IV Bridge, Edinburgh; The New College Library, The Mound, Edinburgh; the libraries of the Scottish Reformation Society and the Free Church of Scotland (both in Edinburgh) and the university libraries of Aberdeen, St Andrews and Glasgow.Names such as T.F. and J.B. Torrance and T.H.L. Parker are well-known with regard to the study of Calvin.I suppose Edin burgh would be the obvious place for research on John Knox.
St Louis which de votes itself to general research on Luther and the Reforma tio n ^).The director gives the following information concerning his centre in a letter dated 1978/8/31."The organization was originally founded in 1957 as the Foun dation for Reformation Research.It seeks to further research on the life and thought of the Reformation era by engaging in a va riety of programs, the most important of which are as follows: * An annual Sum m er In stitute, which provides training in paleography and research techniques to a selected group o f graduate students and p o st doctoral scholars from the U nited States and Canada.* The sponsorship o f sem inars and conferences.* The collection on m icrofilm o f works relevant to the sixteenth-century b u t n o t generally available elsew here in the U nited States.A t present, our collection contains approxim ately 12 000 titles w ith special em phasis on intellectual history and the L utheran theologians, o f the later six teenth-cen tury.These w orks are available on loan, as well as for use at the C enter.* A series o f publications.49.Address: Dr Hans J .Hillerbrand, 33 West 42nd St., The City University of New York, New York, NY 11036, USA.50.This centre is attached to the Concordia College.The Director is Dr William S. Malthy.It has a good collection of rare books from the Reformation period.Except for arranging seminars and conferences it also shares the publication of The Sixteenth Cen tury Journal.A journal for Renaissance and Reformation students and scholars.(Address: L.B. 115, N.M.S.U., Kirksville, Missouri 63502, USA.Subscription $12 per annum for two editions.)It also publishes a newsletter with the title Center for Refor mation Research Newsletter in which more can be read concerning the activities of this centre.A list of publications and microfilm collections in the possession of this ccnter can be obtained free of charge.Address: 6477 San Bonita Ave., St Louis, Missouri 63105, USA.* The C enter also serves as business agent for the American Society for Re form ation Research and the Sixteenth Century Studies Conference.The Center is a private, non-profit corporation with a national board of directors headed by Professor Robert M. Kingdom of the University of Wisconsin.It is nondenominational and open to scholars of all faiths".
To ronto, Canada^ 1).This centre was established in 1964 and con centrates on the period 1450 to 1650 (Renaissance and Reforma tion), whereas at the "Pontifical Institute for Medieval Studies" (St Michael's College, Toronto) and the "Center for Medieval Studies" (University of Toronto) the attention is focussed on the Middle Ages.Although it has the name "Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Research" it consists of a library only.(As far as I could determine no specific fulltime research projects on the Re formation -not on Calvin anyway-were being conducted.)The library consists of about 16 000 volumes of which about plusminus 2 500 date from the 16th and 17th centuries.Among them are quite a number on the Swiss Reformation and earlier English translations of Calvin's works.The most valuable possession of the library is the Erasmus Col lection.The Centre co-operates in the Toronto "Erasmus in Eng lish" publication project.Apart from that it supports the Cana dian journal Renaissance and Reformation.
52.Once a year a bibliography of new Calviniana throughout the world is published in Calvin Theological Journal.It is compiled by Dr P. de Klerk, librarian of Calvin Theolo gical Seminary.53.The papers were published in 1976, with the title Renaissance, Reformation, Re surgence (editor P. de Klerk).54.Particulars available from Dr P. de Klerk, Calvin Theological Seminary, 3233 Bur ton Street, S.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49506.55.Prof. Battles -widely recognized as one of the formost Calvin scholars todayhas done much by way of translations to make the heritage of the Reformation acces sible to the English speaking world.The most important are the following: Calvin' s Commentary on Seneca's "De Clementia" (published in 1960, together with the South African A.M. Hugo); Calvin: Institutes o f the Christian Religion (1559 edition) which appeared as parts 20 and 21 in the "Library of Christian Classics" in Philadelphia from Westminster Press (eighth impression in 1977).Cf. in this connection also his New light on Calvin' s Institutes.A supplement to the McNeill-Battles translation Hartford, Con necticut, The Hartford Seminary Press, 1966 as well as his A computurized Concord ance to Calvin' s "Institutes o f the Christian Religion".Further: John Calvin: Cathachism (1538) published in 1972 and revised in 1976.Apart from this Battles has also translated the first Latin edition of the Institutes of 1536, viz.Institution o f the Christ ian Religion (1536).Atlanta, John Knox Press, 1975.
are just beginning.Unfortunately, the Korean Presbyterian Church has not trained even a single Calvin scholar until now.Though there is a small group of people who are interested in Calvin's thought, because of financial difficulty, there are no size able activities.Korean Presbyterians believe that they are good Calvinists in so far as they believe the Bible as the Word of God without a single error, and in so far as they undersign the West minster Confession of Faith and Standards.Recently new at tempts have been made to study Calvin's thought by a group of young people, but the older generation is not ready to accept the new trend of study.Traditionally, the Presbyterian Church is founded on a firm theological understanding of Calvin's reformed and evangelical thought, but the Korean Presbyterian Church in general is called a Presbyterian church without having such a firm theological foun dation of Calvin, without which no church can be called a Pres byterian or a Reformed church.A group of Presbyterian ministers and theologians agreed to form an organization for promoting Calvin's theological thought in Korea and called the inaugural meeting on December 12, 1963.The association has three working committees: a Study Committee, Publication Committee, and Managing Committee.According to the decision of the general meeting, the associa tion has been carrying out various activities, holding public meet ings, inviting some outstanding Calvin scholars from abroad, in eluding Dr Wilhelm Niesel and Prof. Nobuo Watanabe from Ja pan and publishing articles, books and theses.The most ambi tious project is to translate Calvin's Institutes into Korean.Re cently, however, the association has not been able to have any activities, mainly because of financial difficulty".3.5 South Africa Because South Africa is regarded as a Calvinistic country by many people one could rightly expect much to be done about the study of the Reformation.There are a number of Calvinistic o r g a n iz a tio n s ^? ) and also Calvinistic magazines, but surprisingly there is little evidence of any real study of the sources of our reformational (especially Calvinistic) heritage.Now and then some event draws people interested in Calvin's thought together, as, for example at the Calvin Congress which took place from 10-11 August, 1977, in Pretoria and which was arranged by the Church Historical Association of the "Nederduitsch Gereformeerde Kerk".Such an event is, however, the ex ception and not the rule.There is, as yet, no centre at which full time research on the Reformation is done.The Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism (established in 1966) at the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Edu c a t i o n ^) only appointed a full-time director in 1974.Before that year the Institute was run on a spare time basis with no per manent staff.With the financial aid from the Human Sciences Research Council, Dr D. Kempff has, as a part-time researcher, been able to work on a bibliography of works on Calvin and Calviniana, es-57.Cf. in this connection my review "Chiistelik-Nasionaal.Die spoor van die Calvinisme in Suid-Afrika".Koers (Potchefstroom): 43(2): 129-153, 1978.This article will ap pear in English in the Paul Woolley "Festschrift", edited by W. Stanford Reid under the title "Christian-National.On the track of Calvinism in South Africa".58.Address: Potchefstroom, 2520, Republic of South Africa.pecially such as have appeared since 1959^9) jn order to facili tate research a separate catalogue has been compiled for the Calviniana collection of the Ferdinand Postma Library at the PU for CHE.Books available elsewhere in South Africa have also been included in this catalogue.This Calviniana collection has been enlarged considerably in recent years.With a view to a research project "The impact of Calvinism in South Africa" a second Human Sciences Research Council award has been received for the period 1977-1979.Apart from a biblio graphy of relevant South African magazine articles^) the abovementioned project entails a study of the historical European background of South African Calvinism as well as its impact on present-day South African society.Thus, for the first time a brief scientific survey of Calvinistic life in South Africa can be given.Brief, I say, because this project (bibliographical section excluded) has to be completed within two years.There is nobody available for the necessary research on a full-time basis.The director of the Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism has many administrative tasks and the three other co-researchers can only be relieved from their various departments at the Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education for a few months.Consequently they can do little more than introductory research.4. Conclusion: Ad Fontes It may well be asked what the purpose of this article on inter-59.It was published in 1975 by the Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism in collaboration with E J. Brill in Leiden with the title A bibliography o f Calviniana 1959-1974 by D. Kempff.60.To be published in 1979 by the Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism with the title Die inslag van die Calvinisme in Suid-Afrika.' n Bibliografie van S.A. Tydskrifertikels (4 parts).
60a.One of the aims of my booklet From Noyon to Geneva.A pilgrimage in the steps o f John Calvin (1509-1564), Potchefstroom, Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism, 1979 is to engender new interest in Calvin and his thought in Southern Africa.
. The best English translation of the Institutes is under the editorship of J.T. McNeill and translated by F.L. Battles.It has the title Calvin: Institutes of the Christian Religion (Volumes XX and XXI of the "Library of Congress Classics").Philadelphia, The Westminster Press, 1977®.Calvin's catechism has been published with the title Catechism 1538, translated and annotated by F.L. Bat tles, Pittsburgh, Pa., The Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, 1972, (revised 1976).In the series "Library of Christian Classics" (Calvin's Institutes comprises parts 20 and 21) the following 2 volumes with other works by Calvin have been published: Calvin: Theological Treatises, ed.JJC.S. Reid (volume 22) and Calvin: Commentaries, ed.J .Haroutunian (volume 23).* Zwingli: There are plans to translate part of his works into English.The only work in English of which I am aware is Zwingli and Bullinger, ed.G.W. Bromiley, number 24 in the series "The Library of Christian Classics" published by The Westminster Press, Philadelphia.* Melanchton: The only selection of his work of which I am aware is Melanchton and Bucer, ed.W. Pauck, number 19 in the series "The Library of Christian Classics", pu blished by The Westminster Press, Philadelphia.65.Cf.Martini Buceri, Opera Latina.Ed.Francois Wendel (only volumes XV and XV bis).Paris, Presses Universitaires de France and Giitersloh, C. Bertelmann Verlag, 1954 and 1955.In addition: Martin Bucer' s Deutsche Schriften.Editor R. Stupperich (7 volumes), 1960 and the following years -the same two publishers as above.The only two works with excerpts of Bucer's works in English of which I am aware are Common Places o f Martin Bucer (translated and published by D.F. Wright in the se ries "the Courtenay Library of Reformation Classics", volume 4, Appleford, The Sutton Courtenay Press, 1972) and Melanchton and Bucer, (editor W. Pauck, in the se ries "The Library of Christian Classics" number 19, published by the Westminster Press, Philadelphia).66.As far as I could find out about the latest edition of Heinrich Bullinger Werke, only Part I: Bibliographie has appeared.Editor J. Staedtke.Zurich, Theologischer Verlag, 1972.The only existing work with exceprts in English of the works of Bullinger of which I am aware is Zwingli and Bullinger.ed.G.W. Bromily, in the series "The Library of the reformers.I'he reformers unfortunately did not speak English or Afrikaans.(Calvin admitted that one reason why he refused a cer tain woman as his bride was because she refused to learn French!)It is now, unfortunately, too late to teach them English.It is, however, not too late to use available English transla tions^) or to make new ones.Should we wish to inspire students who do not know French, Latin, German or Dutch to study in this field, urgent attention must be given to the matter of translations.English-speaking scholars outside South Africa have already stressed this.We thus do not have to shoulder the burden alone.Nevertheless it is a shame that the only work of Calvin which we have available in Afrikaans is an abbreviated version of his Institutes' ^^).It is definitely not to the credit of a Calvinistic country like South Africa!Can no effort be made to at least translate the 1536 edition of the Institutes into Afrikaans?4.3The necessity o f more researchersI commenced my plea with a call to awaken interest in stu dents and a comment on the availability of references in the hope that in future there will be more people who will devote them selves on a full-time basis to further study in this period of West ern civilization.In South Africa we do not have all the old documents out of the Reformation period available in order to work on new edi tions.We can, however, make use of the work done overseas in studying the reformers anew.An original contribution from Pro-70.Cf. footnotes 63 to 67 in which some English translations of original works have been mentioned.71.Institusie van Calvyn.Abbreviated by A. Duvenage, Bloemfontein, SACUM, 1951 (456 pages).

are Prof. R. Peter and Doctors J. Rott, B. Roussel and M. Lie nard. A brief indication of what these men are occupied with will give the reader an idea of their fields of interest. * Prof. R. Peter is at present working on the following: Preparing for publication part of the Supplementa Calvimana which will include Calvin's unpublished serm ons^). Prof. Peter is also interested in Calvin's sermons in general, e.g. his Catechism sermons^4). (At present the authority on Calvin's sermons is Prof. Richard Stauffer of Paris^).) Prof. Peter has also given attention to Calvin's correspon dence^). His most important work at the moment, however, is a new comprehensive catalogue of Calvin's own works. By addition and by indicating exactly in which libraries or archives the works are available Prof. Peter wants to improve on what Erichson had al ready achieved in 1900^7). Something of this nature was publish ed in 1976, viz. the Index Aureliensis, Vol. VI (Calvin, pp. 235- 297)^8). jt however, still incomplete and full of errors because 23
. Parts I, II, V and VI of the Supplementa Calviniana have already appeared: Predigten uber das. 2. Buch Samuels, Sermons sur le Livre d ' Esai'e, Sermons sur le Livre de Michée and Sermons sur les Livres de Jérémie et des Lamentations (all by Neukirchener Verlag).Prof. Rodolphe Peter was the editor of the last volume.24.Cf. his Jean Calvin.Deux Congrégations et exposition du catéchisme (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1964).25.Cf. his dissertation Creator et Rector mundi.Dieu, la création et la providence dans l 'oeuvre homilétique de Calvin (1977) and his paper Some unfamiliar aspects o f the Theology o f the first head o f doctrine in the preaching o f Calvin read at the Interna tional Calvin Congress, September 1978, Amsterdam.26.He was, inter alia, (together with J. Rott) co-editor of Les Lettres a Jean Calvin.De la Collection Sarrau (Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1972).27.In 1960 Erichson's bibliography was reprinted unaltered by B. de Graaff in Nieuwkoop, Holland.28.Obtainable at B. de Graaff, P.O.Box 6, Zuideinde 40, Nieuwkoop, Holland.Peter's research is concerned mainly with old publications (in some cases also manu scripts) while the bibliography of D. Kempff, A bibliography o f Calviniana 1959-1974, (published by the Institute for the Advancement of Calvinism in 1975) presents mainly works about Calvin.
can be obtained from the Se cretary, Prof. W.H. Neuser, Lehmbrock 17, 4401 Ostbevern bei Munster, West Germa ny.48.Address of the Evangelical Library is 78a Chiltem Street, London WC1, England.Membership costs £2,50 per annum and includes the Evangelical Library Quarterly.This magazine contains articles and particulars concerning new acquisitions.